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• IRAQ
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
    • Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria
    • Iranian and Greek Intrusions
  • THE ARAB CONQUEST AND THE COMING OF ISLAM
    • The Sunni-Shia Controversy
    • The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-1258
    • The Mongol Invasion
  • THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1534-1918
  • WORLD WAR I AND THE BRITISH MANDATE
  • IRAQ AS AN INDEPENDENT MONARCHY
  • REPUBLICAN IRAQ
  • COUPS, COUP ATTEMPTS, AND FOREIGN POLICY
  • THE EMERGENCE OF SADDAM HUSAYN, 1968-79
  • THE IRAN-IRAQ CONFLICT
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION
    • Boundaries
    • Major Geographical Features
    • Settlement Patterns
    • Climate
    • Population
    • The People
    • Kurds
    • Other Minorities
  • RELIGIOUS LIFE
    • Islam
      • Sunnis
      • Shias
    • Sunni-Shia Relations in Iraq
  • SOCIAL SYSTEMS
    • Rural Society
    • Impact of Agrarian Reform
    • Urban Society
    • Stratification and Social Classes
  • FAMILY AND SOCIETY
  • EDUCATION AND WELFARE
    • Education
    • Health
    • Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  • THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
  • BANKING AND FINANCE
  • THE OIL SECTOR
    • Developments Through World War II
    • The Turkish Petroleum Company
    • Post-World War II Through the 1970s
    • Oil in the 1980s
  • INDUSTRIALIZATION
  • AGRICULTURE
    • Water Resources
    • Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
    • Cropping and Livestock
  • TRANSPORTATION
    • Roads
    • Railroads
    • Ports
    • Airports
  • TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • ELECTRICITY
  • FOREIGN TRADE
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • GOVERNMENT
    • The Revolutionary Command Council
    • The National Assembly
    • The President and the Council of Ministers
    • The Judiciary
    • Local Government
    • Kurdish Autonomy
  • POLITICS
    • The Baath Party
    • The Politics of Alliance: The Progressive National Front
    • Political Opposition
  • MASS MEDIA
  • FOREIGN POLICY
    • The Soviet Union
    • The West
    • The Persian Gulf Countries
    • Iraq and Other Arab Countries
    • Relations with Other Countries
    • Participation in International Organizations
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS
  • THE REGULAR ARMED FORCES
    • Size, Equipment, and Organization
    • Manpower and Training
    • Conditions of Service and Morale
    • Military Justice System
    • Uniforms and Rank Insignia
  • PARAMILITARY FORCES
  • FOREIGN MILITARY TIES
    • Military Ties Prior to the Iran-Iraq War
    • The Iran-Iraq War and the Quest for New Sources of Arms
    • Arms from the Soviet Union
    • Arms from France
    • The Search for Nuclear Technology
  • THE IRAN-IRAQ WAR
    • Iraqi Offensives, 1980-82
    • Iraqi Retreats, 1982-84
    • The War of Attrition, 1984-87
    • The Tanker War, 1984-87
  • ARMED FORCES AND SOCIETY
    • Status in National Life
    • The Sociology of the Military
    • The Defense Burden
    • The Impact of Casualties on the Armed Forces
    • Treatment of Veterans and Widows
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
    • Internal Developments and Security
      • The Kurdish Problem
      • The Iraqi Communists and Baathist Iraq
      • Impact of the Iranian Revolution on Iraqi Shias
    • Internal Security in the 1980s
    • Incidence of Crime
    • Criminal Justice System
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary